Slaglistens Slag-Ordbok/ Stroke Glossary

Du er besøkende nr.(You're visitor no). siden 27. des.1998 (since Dec.23d. 1998)

Oppdatert/updated 5. Okt.. 2000

NB! Ordboken er forfattet av Slaglistens medlemmer, og utgir seg ikke på noen måte for å være medisinsk-faglig! Man oppfordres derfor til selv å kontrollere definisjoner man finner personlig viktige eller interessante, og sjekke disse med sin lege, eller annet kvalifisert helsepersonell.

Alle rettelser og tilføyelser til ordboken fra medisinsk kyndigere personer vil derfor mottas med stor takk!

Alle Slaglistens medlemmer oppfordres også til å bidra til ordboken med nye definisjoner av interesse for slagrammede, og sende inn rettelser og tilføyelser til eksisterende definisjoner.

Note! This Stroke Dictionary has been authored by members of Slaglisten and does in no way claim to be medically correct!! Those who find information here of interest or importance to their own case, must therefore consult a professional M.D. before acting on any information herein.

All corrections or additions to the contents of the dictionary from medical professionals are therefore most welcome!

Also, new contributions to the Dictionary (in English or Norwegian ) are most appreciated!

Trond Ruud

6. Jan. 2000

A
Affeksjon	Påvirkning (p.g.a. sykdom eller skade)
Agonist	(muskler) En agonist er en muskel som virker MED bevegelsen. (muscles) An agonist is a muscle acting IN the direction of a movement
Antagonist	(muskler) En antagonist er en muskel som virker MOT bevegelsen. muscles) An antagonist is a muscle acting AGAINST the direction of a movement. A flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor which extends it.(roald)) Begrepene antagonist og agonist kan også anvendes i farmakologien: En agonist virker på samme måte som det naturlige virkestoffet (f.eks. baclofen som STIMULERER såkalte GABA-reseptorer). En antagonist blokkerer derimot virkningen av det naturlige stoffet.(Jon Laake) The antagonist and agonist concepts may also be used in farmacology: An agonist works in the same way as the natural organic substance (e.g. baclofen, which stimulates so called GABA receptors.9 An anagonist on the other hand blocks the effect of the natural substance
Autologous cells Autologe celler	Cells belonging to the organism itself (as opposed to cells or organs transplanted from a donor) (trond) Organismens egne celler (i motsetning til transplantat fra en annen, fremmed, organisme.)(trond)
Atrofi Atrophy	(muskel-atrofi)= Muskelsvinn (pga. lammelser/passivitet)(t.r.) (muscel atrophy)= Muscle weakening/loss of muscle mass (due to paralysis/physical inactivity)(t.r.) Hva slagrammede angår, så synes ikke muskelatrofi å være et så stort problem, som man skulle formode utfra den resulterende fysiske inaktivitet som følger av lammelsene. Muligvis skyldes dette de konstante muskelspenninger fra spastisitet (t.r.?) As regards stroke victims, muscle atrophy does not seem to be such a major problem, as one should expect from the inactivity commonly caused by paralysis. This might be due to the constant, involuntary muscle tensioning caused by spasticity (t.r.?)
astrocytes	Fibrous *astrocytes* are prevalent among myelinated nerve fibres in the white matter of the central nervous system. Organelles seen in the somata of neurons are also seen in astrocytes, but they appear to be much sparser. These cells are characterized by the presence of numerous fibrils in their cytoplasm. The main processes exit the cell in a radial direction (hence the name astrocyte, meaning "star-shaped cell"), forming expansions and end feet at the surfaces of vascular capillaries. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
aspirasjon	mat eller væske går ned i luftveiene.
Axon	Also called NERVE FIBRE, portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. A neuron typically has one axon, which is rarely branched. Axons connect neurons with other neurons or with muscle or gland cells. The axon of a motor neuron may be quite long, reaching, for example, from the spinal cord down to a toe. Most axons of vertebrate animals are enclosed in a myelin sheath (or fatty membrane), which increases the speed of impulse transmission. A large, sheathed axon may transmit impulses at 90 m (300 feet) persecond, while small, unsheathed fibres conduct impulses at only millimetres per second. (Encyclopædia Britannica)
B
Baclofen	Opprinnelig lansert som en anti-spasme medisin, fordi det har en bedøvende effekt på ryggmargs-synapsene. Fordi Baclofen har problemer med å krysse fra blodet over i hjernen, tilføres det ofte vha. en implantert pumpe som kontrolleres av radiobølger. NB! Zanaflex/Sirdalud skal vistnok være en veldig meget mer effektiv anti-spasmemedisin enn baclofen,og benyttes meget i slagbehandling bl.a. i USA, men her i Norge synes den å være helt ukjent(!?) Se også "Mine erfaringer med Zanaflex", som er en erfaringsrapport fra en norsk slagrammet om effekten av Zanaflex på hans spasmeproblemer.
Basal Ganglia.	Deep within the cerebral hemispheres, large gray masses or nerve cells, called nuclei, form components of the basal ganglia. Four nuclei can be distinguished: (1) the caudate nucleus, (2) the putamen, (3) the globus pallidus, and (4) the amygdala. Phylogenetically, the amygdala is the oldest of the basal ganglia and is therefore often referred to as the archistriatum; the globus pallidus is known as the paleostriatum, and the caudate nucleus and putamen are together known as the neostriatum, or simply striatum. The putamen and the adjacent globus pallidus are referred to descriptively as the lentiform nucleus, while the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus form the corpus striatum. The caudate nucleus and the putamen are continuous rostrally and ventrally, and they have similar cytology (cellular makeup), cytochemical features, and functions, but they also have slightly different connections. The putamen lies deep within the cortex of the insular lobe, while the caudate nucleus has a C-shaped configuration that parallels the lateral ventricle. The head of the caudate nucleus protrudes into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, the body lies above and lateral to the thalamus, and the tail is in the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The tail of the caudate nucleus ends in relationship to the amygdaloid nuclear complex, which lies in the temporal lobe beneath the cortex of the uncus. There is an enormous number of neurons within the caudate nucleus and putamen; these are of two basic types, spiny and aspiny. Spiny striatal neurons are medium-size cells with radiating dendrites that are studded with spines. Axons of these cells project beyond the boundaries of the neostriatum. All afferent systems entering the neostriatum terminate upon the dendritic spines of spiny striatal neurons, and all output is via axons of the same neurons. Chemically, spiny striatal neurons are heterogeneous--that is, most contain more than one neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters identified in spiny striatal neurons are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), substance P, and enkephalin, with overwhelming dominance by GABA. (Encyclopædia Britannica)
biparese	Lammelser i både arm og ben? (t.r.)(sjekk!)
Biofeedback	(feedback= tilbakemelding. )(antagelig menes tilbakemelding fra musklene tilbake til hjernen, som kvittering på signaler hjernen sender til musklene om å utføre sammentrekninger/utstrekninger.) Antagelig et slags "OK! ferdig!"-signal, om at den ønskede bevegelsen er vellykket utført. Uttrykket benyttes ofte i sammenheng med EMG-terapi og den stimulans og læringseffekt dette gir til nevroplastiske prosesser.
BOTOX-injeksjoner:	Injeksjon av stoffet Botox (botolinum - et av de aller giftigste stoffer man kjenner til tror jeg) i muskelen ("the toxin binds to nerve endings at the point where the nerves join muscles. This prevents the nerves from signaling the muscles to contract") Så en bedøving av nerveceller for å forhindre spastisitet, kontrakturer el.Virkningen varer i noen mnd og det er meningen at man skal utnytte dennetiden til å strekke muskelen maksimalt ved intensiv fysioterapi eller gipsing, eller bruke den nyvunne funksjonaliteten optimalt.(hege) David Pandayan i England sendte dessuten flg. info om Botox til STROKE-L: den 8/12/97: The pros and cons: The drug is very muscle specific and local acting. There are no reported adverse systemic reaction (i.e some drugs that are centrally acting causes drowsiness etc). It is expensive, some people do not respond to treatment, the efficacy of the treatment may reduce with repeated use as the body develops an immunity to the neurotoxin. The literature has very little to say on long term modulation of spasticity. The drug trials in the literature have not used many appropriate measuring systems and therefore detailed clinical benefits are poorly described. David Anand.D.Pandyan Research Associate Centre for Rehab. Eng. Studies University of Newcastle Newcastle Upon Tyne UK - NE1 7RU e-mail A.D.Pandyan@ncl.ac.uk
Brain Basics	The Home Page for Research Associate Professor Eric H. Chudler (chudler@u.washington.edu) Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Washington: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ehc.htm
C
CNS	The Central Nervous System The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, both derived from the embryonic neural tube. Both parts are invested by protective membranes called the meninges, and both float in a crystal-clear cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is encased in a bony vault, the neurocranium, while the cylindrical and elongated spinal cord lies in the vertebral canal, which is formed by successive vertebrae connected by dense ligaments.
CT	"røntgen"-fotografering av hjernen (med computer tomograf)
CVA	Cerebral Vascular Accident - Hjerneskader (slag) som følge av forstyrrelser i blodtilførselen til hjernen. Begrepet "CVA" finner jeg personlig interessant, fordi vi på det tidspunktet da jeg fikk slag hadde gjeldsforsikring på huslånet vårt. Men da jeg forsøkte å presentere dette, ble det avvist med at slag er en sykdom og ikke et uhell og vår polise gjaldt kun ved uhell og ikke ved sykdom. Vel, i engelsktalende land blir altså hjerneslag medisinsk betegnet som et cerebralt-blodsirkulasjons- UHELL! Så, vi burde kanskje ikke ha gitt opp så lett (?) Men det må nok endel filologi og 'finjus' til for å avklare dét spørsmålet. Trond
Cytology	The study of cells as fundamental units of living things. The earliest phase of cytology began with the English scientist Robert Hooke's microscopic investigations of cork in 1665. In 1892 the German embryologist and anatomist Oscar Hertwig suggested that organismic processes are reflections of cellular processes; he thus established cytology as a separate branch of biology. Research into the activities of chromosomes led to the founding of cytogenetics, in 1902-04.(Encyclopædia Britannica)
D
Dendriter	Besides the axon, neurons have other branches called dendrites. These are usually shorter than axons and are unmyelinated. Traditionally, dendrites are thought to form receiving surfaces for synaptic input from other neurons. In many dendrites these surfaces are provided by specialized structures called dendritic spines, which, by providing discrete regions for the reception of nerve impulses, isolate changes in electrical current from the main dendritic trunk. The traditional view of dendritic function presumes that only (Encyclopædia Britannica)
dyp venetrombose	blodpropp i vene
E
ectoderm	The outermost of the three germ layers, or masses of cells, which appears early in the development of an animal embryo. In vertebrates, ectoderm subsequently gives rise to hair, skin, nails or hooves, and the lens of the eye; the epithelia (surface, or lining, tissues) of sense organs, the nasal cavity, the sinuses, the mouth (including tooth enamel), and the anal canal; and nervous tissue, including the pituitary body and chromaffin tissue (clumps of endocrine cells). In adult cnidarians and ctenophores, the body-covering tissue, or epidermis, is occasionally called ectoderm. (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Elektromyografi:	Metode for måling av styrken i nerveimpulser fra hjernen til utvalgte muskler(muskelgrupper). Firmaet Danmeter i Danmark utvikler og selger apparater basert på ES, som styres av EMG. Enkelte studier tyder på at dette er en effektiv slagterapi-metode, som kan stimulere de nevroplastiske regenererings-prosessene men dette fenoménet virker totalt ukjent i Norge, bortsett kanskje fra hos Slagenheten på Regionssykehuset i Trondhjem, som har anskaffet et antall av Danmeters Slagrehabiliterings-apparater(AutoMove.)(t.r.) I USA er nå Danmeters Automove nå godkjent av helsemyndighetene (FDA) for bruk i Slagterapi
Electromyography:	The process of graphically recording the electrical activity of muscle. Normal muscle is electrically silent when at rest, but when it is active, as during contraction or stimulation, an electrical current is generated, and the successive action potentials (impulses) can be registered on a cathode-ray oscilloscope screen in the form of continuous wavelike tracings. The visual recording, called an electromyogram, or EMG, is customarily accompanied by auditory monitoring with a loudspeaker. For diagnostic purposes, records of muscle electrical activity are usually obtained during muscle relaxation, during voluntary contraction when needle electrodes are inserted into the muscle under study, and during muscle activity evoked by the stimulation of its nerve. Weakness or wasting of muscle is generally caused either by impairment of the nerves supplying it (neuropathic disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and poliomyelitis) or by intrinsic muscle impairment or primary muscle disease (myopathy). In neuropathic disorders, there is usually increased spontaneous activity during muscle relaxation (fibrillation and fasciculation), together with reduced, altered, or absent normal muscle action potentials. In myopathies, there is frequently a reduction in the amplitude or duration of the muscle action potentials and an increase in the complexity of their wave form. (Encyclopaedia Brittannica.) NB! Dette er en grundig og fin beskrivelse, men har ikke med den siste utviklingen på området med koblingen til biofeedback, såvidt jeg kan se (tr)
Embryo/Embryonic	Foster / på fosterstadiet Fetus
EMG	Elektromyografi (Internet site med EMG info)
EMGBF	ElectroMyographic BioFeedback(se EMG og Biofeedback)
emosjonell	følelsesmessige; som glede, sorg, sinne m. m.
ependymal cells	Both the brain and the spinal cord arise from an elongate thickening of the ectoderm that occupies the midline region of the embryonic disk. The sides of this neural plate elevate as neural folds, which then bound a gutter-like neural groove . Further growth causes the folds to meet and fuse, thereby creating a neural tube. The many-layered wall of this tube differentiates into three concentric zones, first indicated in embryos of five weeks. The innermost zone, bordering the central canal, becomes a layer composed of long cells called *ependymal cells*, which are supportive in function. The middle zone becomes the gray substance, a layer characterized by nerve cells. The outermost zone becomes the white substance, a layer packed with nerve fibres. The neural tube also is demarcated internally by a pair of longitudinal grooves into dorsal and ventral halves. The dorsal half is a region associated with sensory functioning and the ventral half with motor functioning. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
ES	Elektrisk Nervestimulering.(se også FES)
F
facilitering	Stimulering
FDA	Federal Drug Administration. Den del av de amerikanske helsemyndighetene som godkjenner nye medisiner og behandlingsformer
FES	Functional Electrical Stimulation.David Pandayan skriver i sin FES status-rapport flg. om FES: "The increased awareness in the potential of ES as a therapeutic aid was also the cause for the misconception that Functional electrical Stimulation [FES] is the use of electrical stimulation only to replace lost function in the human body [Hambrecht, 1992]. While this may be the most accepted definition, it is not the most accurate. FES is more accurately defined as the use of ES to produce a functional movement and/or replace a physiological function [Reswick, 1973](David Pandayan)
fokal	avgrenset, lokal
G

Gaba Receptors	Inhibitory amino acids. GABA and glycine are proved to cause hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. GABA is widely distributed in the brain, being especially prevalent at higher levels of the central nervous system. It is produced from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Consequently, the concentrations of GABA and GAD parallel each other in the nervous system (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Glial Celler	Disse cellene kan ha en avgjørende rolle i helbredelse av skader i sentralnervesystemet! Neuroglial functions: The term neuroglia means "nerve glue," and these cells were originally thought to be structural supports for neurons. This is still thought to be plausible, but other functions of the neuroglia are now generally accepted. It has long been known that oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Studies show that some constituent of the axonal surface stimulates Schwann cell proliferation and that the type of axon determines whether there is loose or tight myelination of the axon. In tight myelination a glial cell wraps itself like a rolled sheet around a length of axon until the fibre is covered by several layers. Between segments of myelin wrapping are exposed sections called nodes of Ranvier, which are important in the transmission of nerve impulses. Myelinated nerve fibres are found only in vertebrate animals, leading biologists to conclude that they are an adaptation to transmission over relatively long distances. Another well-defined role of neuroglial cells is in repair following injury to the central nervous system. It has been well documented that astrocytes divide after injury to the nervous system and that they occupy the spaces left by injured neurons. The role of oligodendrocytes after injury is not so clear, but evidence suggests that they can proliferate and form myelin sheaths. When neurons of the peripheral nervous system are cut, they undergo a process of degeneration followed by regeneration, the fibres regenerating in such a way that they return to their original target sites. Schwann cells that remain after nerve degeneration apparently mark the route. This route direction is also performed by astrocytes during development of the central nervous system. In the developing cerebral cortex and cerebellum of primates, astrocytes project long processes to certain locations, and neurons migrate along these processes to arrive at their final locations. Thus, neuronal organization is brought about to some extent by the neuroglia!! (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Emphasis added by me, Trond
global	omfattende, generell
Ganglion	(plural GANGLIA), dense aggregate of nerve-cell bodies present in most animals more advanced than cnidarians. In flatworms (e.g., Planaria) there are two lateral neuronal cords that carry impulses to and from a pair of ganglia at the head of the animal. In more advanced groups, such as earthworms and arthropods, there are pairs of ganglia at intervals along the body that largely control the actions of each body segment, as well as a larger, dorsal pair in the head. This latter pair of ganglia, considered the brain in these more advanced invertebrates, acts mostly to inhibit responses rather than to direct them. In vertebrates the term ganglion denotes a cluster of neural bodies outside the central nervous system; a spinal ganglion is such a cluster of nerve bodies positioned along the spinal cord at the root of a spinal nerve. The dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of afferent nerve fibres (those carrying impulses toward the central nervous system); efferent motor neurons are present in the ventral root ganglia.(Encyclopaedia Britannica)
hemi-parese:	("side-lammelse") dvs. lammelse av høyre/venstre halvside av kroppen)(t.r.) ("quadri-parese" brukes ofte når begge armer og begge ben, er lammet, altså alle 4 ekstremiteter)(t.r.)
Immune Cells	In addition to their importance in cooperating with B cells that secrete specific antibodies, T cells have important, separate roles in protecting against antigens that have escaped or bypassed antibody defenses. Immunologists have long recognized that antibodies do not necessarily protect against viral infections, because many viruses can spread directly from cell to cell and thus avoid encountering antibodies in the bloodstream. It is also known that persons who fail to make antibodies are very susceptible to bacterial infections but are not unduly liable to viral infections. Protection in these cases results from cell-mediated immunity. It depends upon the ability to destroy and dispose of body cells in which viruses or other intracellular parasites (such as the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy) are actively growing, as well as to dispose of the microbes themselves. Cell-mediated immunity has two components. One depends upon the elaboration of lymphokines by helper T cells that have interacted with the appropriate antigen. In particular the gamma interferon produced by the helper T cells greatly increases the ability of macrophages to kill ingested microbes; this can tip the balance against microbes that otherwise resist killing. Gamma interferon also stimulates the NK cells mentioned in the section on nonspecific immunity. The second component of cell-mediated immunity depends upon cytotoxic T cells. These attach themselves by their receptors to cells whose surface expresses appropriate antigens (notably ones made by developing viruses) and somehow damage the infected cells enough to kill them. After a sufficient number of antigen-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells are available and the cells that act nonspecifically have been stimulated, most viral infections are rapidly overcome. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
H
HYPOTONI	Betegner muskulatur som har redusert tonus. Dette fenomenet sees ofte i akuttfasen hos slagrammede og ved ryggmarglesjoner(spinalt sjokk)
hypertonus	forhøyet spenning i muskulaturen
I
intracerebrale blødninger:	blødninger inne i hjernevevet
K
kognitiv	forståelsesmessig
kognisjon	forståelsesfunksjon
komatøs	dypt bevisstløs( -> "Koma")
Kontraktur	Unormal stilling av ledd som følge av avkortede muskler eller muskelsvinn.Ofte en permanent tilstand. Mest vanlig i hånd og ankelledd.(hege)
kontraindisert	"Ikke tilrådelig"
L
Learned Nonuse	Det at hjernen venner seg til at den rammede siden ikke fungerer riktig og derfor ikke blir brukt optimalt. En terapi som skal kompensere går ut på å "omvende" dette gjenom at den friske siden hindres i å kompensere for den andre. (Som f.eks.: svart øyelapp på skjeløyde barn) Det er imidlertid relativt sterke krav til minimums-funksjonalitet i den rammede siden,(såsom bevegelighet i håndledd og et minste antall fingre), som nok dessverre gjør slik terapi uaktuell for et flertall av slagrammede, med vanlig hemi-parese.(t.r.)
M
Macrophages	Macrophages often appear to be a required factor in an immune reaction. It is believed that phagocytosis of the foreign substance by macrophages helps reveal the surface molecules (antigens) on the foreign substance that stimulate lymphocyte responses. The production of antibodies, in turn, greatly stimulates the phagocytic activity of the macrophages.
microglia	.
motorisk senter motoric center	Bevegelsesmessig (del av hjernen som styrer og koordinerer muskelbevegelser.) Motor Nevroner Related to movement (the part of the brain that controls and coordinates muscular movements.) The basic pattern of stimulus-response coordination in animals is an organization of receptor, adjustor, and effector units. External stimuli are received by the receptor cells, which, in most cases, are neurons (All neurons are capable of conducting an impulse, which is a brief change in the electrical charge on the cell membrane. Such an impulse can be transmitted, without loss in strength, many times along an axon until the message, or input, reaches another neuron, which in turn is excited.) The interneuron-adjustor selects, interprets, or modifies the input from the receptor and sends off an outgoing, or efferent, impulse to an efferent neuron, such as a motor neuron. The efferent neuron, in turn, makes contact with an effector such as a muscle or gland, which produces a response. (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Motor Neurons
Myelin	White, insulating sheath on the axon of many nerve fibres. It is composed of fatty materials, protein, and water. The myelin sheath is deposited by Schwann cells in layers surrounding the nerve fibres of the central and peripheral nervous systems of many animals. Nerve fibres containing myelin sheaths are white. Nonmyelinated nerve fibres form gray nerves, which are common in invertebrates and in the sympathetic nervous system of vertebrates.
N
NERVE FIBRE	se: Axoner, Dendriter og Nevroner
NMES	NeuroMuscular Electrical Stimulation, also called Functional E.Stim.(FES)
Neuromuscular Junction	A Synapse between two Neurons
Neurogenesis	The Creation of new Neurons in the CNS. Until very recently, this was assumed absolutely impossible in all adult mammals, but recent research now indicates that Neurogenesis is not only possible in adult mammals, but does in fact occur naturally throughout their lifespan (Cfr.: Human Brains Sprout New Cells Throughout Life )!(Trond) Some related links /Noen relaterte linker Induction of neurogenesis from neural stem cells in adult central nervous system Studies on neurotrophic growth factors Human Brains Sprout New Cells Throughout Life Transplanted Neurons Migrate Widely in the Adult Brain Transplanted Neural Stem Cells Migrate Throughout the Abnormal Brain, Reduce Disease Symptoms Scientists Discover Addition Of New Brain Cells In Highest Brain Area Immature cell find boosts brain repairs
Neuron Nevron/Nervecelle	Also called NERVE-CELL, basic cell of the nervous system in vertebrates and most invertebrates from the level of the cnidarians upward. It transmits nerve impulses. A typical neuron has a cell body containing a nucleus and two or more long fibres. Impulses are carried along one or many of these fibres, the dendrites, to the cell body; in higher nervous systems, only one fibre, the axon, carries the impulse away from the cell body. Bundles of fibres from neurons are held together by connective tissue and form nerves. Some neurons of large vertebrates are several feet long. A sensory neuron is a nerve cell that transmits impulses from a receptor such as those in the eye or ear to a more central location in the nervous system. A motor neuron is a nerve cell that transmits impulses from a central area of the nervous system to an effector such as amuscle. In the human brain there are approximately 10,000,000,000 neurons. Each neuron has its own identity, expressed by its interactions with other neurons and by its secretions; each also has its own function, depending on its intrinsic properties and location as well as its inputs from other select groups of neurons, its capacity to integrate those inputs, and its ability to transmit the information to another select group of neurons. With few exceptions, most neurons consist of three distinct regions: (1) the cell body, or soma; (2) the nerve fibre, or axon; and (3) the receiving processes, or dendrites. (Encyclopaedia Britannica) more information: Gallery of Neurons
Nevroplastisitet: neuroplasticity	Hjernens evne til å ta i bruk andre nervebaner enn den/de skadde eller å tilpasse seg endrede tilstander(skader) gjennom bl.a. å generere nye nervebaner mellom (friske/uskadde)hjerneceller, som trenes opp i funksjonene til de skadde områdene, På STROKE-L har noen medlemmer beskrevet et forsøksprogram de har deltatt i, på Florida Hospital hvor man, via EEG-biofeedback-metoder, har forsøkt å forsterke hjernens nevroplastiske prosesser ved hjerneskader/slag Erfaringene de rapporterte om fra dette prosjektet var såpass positive at jeg forsøkte å kontakte Florida Hospital for å få flere detaljer, men de besvarte aldri min henvendelse. Hvilket ikke er så underlig kanskje (man bør nok kunne vise frem iallefall noen faglige "credentials") før det sendes ut rapporter om forskningsprosjekter? Se ellers professor Roger Harris' artikkel om Nevroplastisitet i Slagposten! Relaterte tema: TES-terapi Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Spasticity
Neuroplasticity	follow link to professor Roger Harris' article
neuromuscular junction	cfr. Synapse
O
overekstremitetene:	armene
P
parese	lammelse
perifere nerver PNS	nerveledninger mellom ryggmargen og organ Peripheral Nerve System (nerves between spine and organs)
phagocytosis	process by which living cells (phagocytes) ingest or engulf other cells or particles. The phagocytic cell may be a free-living one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, or one of the body cells, such as a leukocyte (white blood cell). The particles commonly phagocytosed by leukocytes include bacteria, dead tissue cells, protozoa, various dust ...
persepsjonsforstyrrelse:	endret tolkning/forståelse av sanseinnntrykk
PBF	Positional Feedback (=emgbf?)
Posterior Rhizotomy:	Nevrokirurgisk teknikk som sikter mot å redusere perifer spastisitet i bena. Først brukt eksperimentelt i 1898!!, ble det reintrodusert i 1981, da i behandling av barn. (kilde:"New Therapies in spastic cerebral palsy", Contemporary Pediatrics mai/juni 1990)(t.r)
Q

R
Rhizotomy	se Posterior Rhizotomy, over.
R.O.M (rom)	"Range of Movement" brukes om måling av bevegelsesevne i f.eks. håndledd og ankelledd før og etter terapi o.l. Maintaining ROM and preventing contractures. The primary definition of FES is the use of ES to produce movement about a joint. This movement can be used to maintain the ROM of the joints in the extremities and this in turn will prevent the formation of contractures, due to immobility. (David Pandayan)
S
Sertoli cells	any of the elongated striated cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis to which the spermatids become attached and from which they apparently derive nourishment
sekundær profylakse:	forebygging av tilbakefall
sensibilitetsforstyrrelser:	forstyrrelser i følsomheten når det gjelder berøring, smerte og temperatur
sensorisk	følelsesmessig som ved berøring, smerte- og temperatursans
Sentralnervesystemet	Nervesystemet i hjernen og øvre del av ryggeraden. I den del av Sentralnervesystemet, som finnes i øvre del av ryggraden, finnes de motornevronene fra hvilke aksoner går ut, som signalbærere ("ledninger") til muskulaturen. Disse aksonene kan være veldig lange, som f.eks dem som går helt ned i føttene og bringer impulser som beveger tærne. En effekt av hjerneskader er dessverre at dersom den nevronenen akson går ut fra, dør. Så vil den "tilkoblede" aksonen trekke seg tilbake ("visne") og miste evnen til å bære signaler frem til musklene. Dette gjør det jo enda vanskeligere å "reparere" hjerneskader, for ikke bare må de ødelagte hjernecellene, nevronene, erstattes, men "akson-ledningene", som skal bære frem signalene fra dem må også gjenskapes. Og selv om man nå har kommet langt i forskning på teknikker for transplantasjon av nerveceller, til erstatning for dem som er ødelagt, er det få eller ingen indikasjoner på at man skal kunne gjenskape "visne" aksoner like "enkelt". Skjønt forskning utført på Karolinska Institutet i Sverige har faktisk kunne oppvise lovende indikasjoner også på dette området: se her...
Statins	Statins are currently the most powerful cholesterol lowering drugs available. They include atorvastatin (Lipitor), cerivastatin (Baycol®), fluvastatin (Lescol®), lovastatin (Mevacor®), pravastatin (Pravachol®), and simvastatin (Zocor®). They lower LDL cholesterol (considered the bad cholesterol) and triglycerides in the blood while increasing the HDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol is considered the "good cholesterol" because it transports cholesterol to the liver where it can be degraded. These drugs mainly differ in their potency, ability to lower triglycerides and cost.
stromal stem cells stromastamceller	Bone marrow stromal cells Among the stem cells of bone marrow there are small population (0,01%) of stromal stem cells which have long been known to differentiate into cells of cartilage, bone and fat. Only two years ago several reports appeared telling about in vitro induced differentiation of mouse, rat and human bone marrow stromal cells into nerve cells, progenitors of hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes (Makino et al., 1999; Orlic et al., 2001, Petersen et al., 1999; Vessey, de la Hall, 2001, Sanchez-Ramos et al., 2000; Prockop et al., 2000; Deng et al., 2001). So, there is a hope that bone marrow stromal cells are pluripotent and can be used in cell therapy instead of embryonic human stem cells. Stromal stem cells can be obtained from 10 ml of patient's bone marrow. They proliferate during 2-3 weeks in culture to get several millions of these cells. A specific inductor is added to stromal stem cell culture to differentiate into neurons, hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes depending on patient's disease. We think that the progenitor cells should be transferred into a damaged organ at early stages of differentiation. These cells will repair the damaged parts of patient's organ, for example, spinal cord injury. Bone marrow stromal cells can be used for genetic transformation in vitro, the recovered cells may be used for implantation in the case of hereditary disease. We think that medicine and society must refuse embryonic stem cell technology as using human cloning and pay more attention to exploit bone marrow stromal cells (or other somatic stem cells) technology in future. Transfer of these cells to their own host can become an ordinary procedure in future, maybe in 3-5 years. © Virola Ltd, 2001 http://www.virola.org/stem.php
synapse	also called NEURONAL JUNCTION, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). A synaptic connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction. Two types of synapses can be distinguished, the chemical and the electric. At a chemical synapse, each ending, or terminal, of a nerve fibre (presynaptic fibre) swells to form a knob-like structure that is separated from the fibre of an adjacent neuron, called a postsynaptic fibre, by a microscopic space called the synaptic cleft. The typical synaptic cleft is about 0.02 microns wide. The arrival of a nerve impulse at the presynaptic terminals causes the movement toward the presynaptic membrane of membrane-bound sacs, or synaptic vesicles, which fuse with the membrane and release a chemical substance called a neurotransmitter. This substance transmits the nerve impulse to the postsynaptic fibre by diffusing across the synaptic cleft and binding to the receptor molecules on the postsynaptic membrane. The chemical binding action alters the shape of the receptors, setting off a series of reactions that open channel-shaped protein molecules. Electrically charged ions then flow through the channels into or out of the neuron. This sudden shift of electric charge across the postsynaptic membrane changes the membrane's electric polarization, producing what is called the postsynaptic potential, or PSP. If there is a large enough net flow of positively charged ions into the cell, then the PSP is said to be excitatory; that is, it can lead to the generation of a new nerve impulse, called an action potential (Encyclopædia Britannica) The Synapse and Neurotransmission Messages are passed from neuron to neuron through synapses, using chemicals called neurotransmitters. Synapses are very small gaps between neurons. To transmit a message across a synapse in response to an incoming action potential, neurotransmitter molecules are released from one neuron, the 'pre-synaptic' neuron, and diffuse across the gap to the next neuron, the 'post-synaptic' neuron. Once there, the neurotransmitter causes a new action potential to be formed, and the process begins again to carry the message to its destination. Amazingly, a single axon can form synapses with as many as 1,000 other neurons. Each area of the body sends and receives specialized input and connections via the neuronal axons running to and from it. The action potential messages carried by these connections are the ‘traffic’ on the spinal cord highway, running to and from the brain. There are millions and millions of connections between neurons within the spinal cord alone. The correct connections are hooked up during development using positive (neurotrophic factors) and negative signals (like NOGO, discovered by the Schwab lab) to fine-tune them. This process begins at birth and continues throughout infancy and beyond as the bones and muscles grow. When these connections are broken, there is a tremendous amount of reorganization to be done. (The Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation)
spastisitet spasticity	Spastisitet er en sykelig spenningsøkning i muskulatur som et resultat av forstyrrelser i forbindelsen mellom muskulaturen og hjernen. Det er viktig at spastisk muskulatur blir behandlet, slik at normal bevegelighet opprettholdes. En hindrer da at leddene stivner til i stillinger som kan vanskeliggjøre både senere funksjonstrening og stell. Fysioterapeutene er de som oftest planlegger disse øvelsene, men andre kan også utføre behandlingen etter veiledning. Spastisitet kan bli mindre uttalt med tiden ved at noen av forbindelsene til hjernen bedres.(Kress Sunnaas) ''Tone'' or spasticity results from a reduction in the number and strength of inhibitory signals arriving from the brain to the neuro-muscular junctions, therefore, the muscles are less inhibited, and tent to contract ''almost on their on'', (involuntarily) usually in response to external stimulation causing a reflex contraction to occur. We all have these reflexes built into our central nervous system, but the reflexes are ''inhibited''. The reflexes become ''apparent'' after a CNS injury, such as stroke, CP, TBI or SCI. How to reduce the tone is something we would all like to know more about. SLOW prolonged stretching, as in myo-fascial-release, started by John Barns, certainly helps. Overworking the muscles almost always increases tone, but this does not mean that you should not ''work'' or exercise the muscles during activities. If more facilitory ''signals'' can be sent to the muscles from the brain, then it also stands to reason that more inhibitory signals are also viable. Traditional OT/PT approaches have typically ''guarded against'' increasing tone at all costs. However recent stroke research is suggesting that perturbing the tone is not as detrimental as was once thought. Of course there will always be exceptions to the rule, obviously you would not want to increase tone, during exercise and activity, even temporarily, if you can not decrease it later or if pain is present. But there are several ''rehab techniques'' that are supported by research indicating that ''contract - relax'' activity, followed by slow stretch and hold, leads to a reduction of tone and increased range of motion. I tend to agree with the theory which describes the principle reason for tone or spasticity as stated above, if we can get more facilitory signals going to the muscles, then it also stands to reason that the patient will gain better control over inhibitory pathways. Neural plasticity plays a major role in neuro- muscular EMG biofeedback, but it is beyond the scope of this introductory information. Search: ''neural plasticity''. Larry Lawhorn
Stamceller Stem Cells	Organismens ulike vevstyper: 1. Vev med permanente celler a) Nerveceller (bortsett fra luktesansorganet). b) Hjerte- og skjelett-muskelceller. c) Øyets linsefibre. 2. Vev som fornyes ved celledelinger A. Deling av modne celler (f.eks.: makrofager, lymfocytter, endotelceller; - de fleste tar også med lever-, nyre- og kjertelceller). B. Deling av stamceller og determinering + modning + eventuelt deling av dattercellene (f.eks.: beinmarg, epidermis, tarmepitel, spermiedannelsen). Celler på de siste modningsstadiene har oftest mistet delingsevnen. (Noen mener lever, nyre og kjertler også er "stamcellevev"). Celler fra vevstype 1 deler seg ikke etter fødselen og kan leve så lenge som oss. Celler fra vevstype 2 har en omsetnings- eller omløpshastighet som kan være fra noen få dager (tarmepitel) til over et år (lever og andre kjertelceller). Der det ikke skjer omsetning av hele celler, er det selvfølgelig hele tiden en omsetning av de fleste av cellens bestanddeler - f.eks.: (i) en omsetningshastighet på noen få dager for proteiner i cellemembraner; (ii) 5-10% av knokkelsubstansen hos voksne "skiftes ut" hvert år (Kompendium i Cellesyklus, Vekst og Differensiering av Haakon B. Benestad og Erik Blichfeldt, Fysiologisk institutt UiO) Evidence for a single, pluripotent stem cell (a stem cell from which many different types develop) comes mainly from experiments in which marrow cells are injected into mice whose blood cell production has been destroyed by irradiation. A small number of the injected cells grow in the spleen of the host, producing colonies, some of which contain more than one differentiated cell type. It can be shown that all the types in such colonies are descended from one stem cell. Experiments provide evidence about the events producing this differentiation: two cell types of restricted developmental potential arise immediately from the stem cell, one capable of forming granulocytes and monocytes and the other, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Each of these two types then segregates into two lines of unipotent cells (capable of producing only one type). Control over the number of terminal cell types occurs not at the level of cell commitment, which appears to be a random process, but by the action of growth-promoting substances on each of the lines at a precursor stage when they are committed but visibly undifferentiated and still capable of extensive cell division. Erythropoietin, for example, is required for the proliferation of erythroid precursors, and "granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor" is required for the proliferation of granulocyte/macrophage precursors. Studies suggest that a similar situation obtains with epithelial renewal tissues but with an additional factor of spatial organization. For example, the small intestine is lined with crypts, each constituting one cell-proliferation unit. The crypts contain a small number of slowly cycling stem cells, which form all of the types of cells--absorptive, goblet, Paneth, and enteroendocrine--found in mucous membrane. These stem cells are located near the crypt base, and most of their progeny, destined to become absorptive and goblet cells, migrate upward into the villi. The intermediate forms between the stem cell and the differentiated cells go through several divisions, but little else is known about them. It is clear, however, that a proper balance between cell production and cell differentiation is necessary for the integrity and proper function of the tissue, for if the balance is disturbed, the tissue may become cancerous.(Encyclopædia Britannica)
T
TBI	Traumatic Brain Injury
TES	"Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation." Tiltross for navnelikheten har TES ingenting til felles med FES/ES TES er en metode utviklet av Dr. Karen Pape (Mayatek Inc.) i Toronto, Canada, spesielt for nevrologisk rehabilitering av barn med cerebrale pareser. Men er også benyttet for rehabilitering ved andre hjerneskader, såsom slag. Noe av idéen bak TES er ganske enkelt at elektrostimulering av utvalgte muskler (under søvn) skal frigjøre veksthormoner, som forårsaker vekst og derved øket styrke i de stimulerte musklene, hvilket i sin tur igjen skal gjøre det lettere å utføre de bevegelser som hovedsaklig avhenger av denne/disse muskler. (undertegnede brukte en tid TES (i 1996), hovedsaklig på lår og legg-muskulatur etter anvisning av en nevrolog og TES-"practitioner.", på den nevrologiske barneklinikken(!) ved Rigshospitalet i København.Selv kan jeg vel egentlig ikke si at jeg merker særlig forskjell, men mine omgivelser (kona og min bror) hevder at min gangfunksjon ble bedre, og spastisiteten, i benet, mindre da jeg brukte TES. Men uansett så er ikke TES noen mirakelkur, som gir en førligheten tilbake på noen måte, men min erfaring tyder altså på at det kanskje kan hjelpe litt til i rehabiliteringen. I Danmark finnes det 30 sertifiserte TES terapeuter, jevnt fordelt på leger og Fysioterapeuter. En større studie pågår nå ved Neuropediatrisk avdeling på Rigshospitalet i København angående metodens effektivitet og virkninger TES har vært benyttet på mer enn 6000 pasienter i løpet av de siste 12 år. Spesielt for TES er at lavspenningsstrøm applisert under søvn hevdes å kunne reversere Muskel-atrofi, hvilket igjen avd Dr. Pape hevdes å være en forutsetning for nevroplastisk regenerering av nervebaner i hjernen fordi nevroplastisk regenerering stimuleres best av tydelige tilbakemeldinger fra musklene til hjernen( biofeedback), som svar på signalene hjernen sender til musklene. Og: svekkede muskler sender svekkede signaler tilbake til hjernen. Altså, en vond spiral, hvor musklene først MÅ styrkes for at nevroplastisk rehabilitering vha. biofeedback skal stimuleres (t.r.)
Tizanidine (Zanaflex)	A relatively new agent, tizanidine is another centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist. It is believed to stimulate presynaptic polysynaptic inhibitory pathways. Although its structure is similar to that of clonidine, tizanidine has one tenth to one fiftieth the potency of clonidine in lowering blood pressure. It was recently approved for use in patients with spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. Adult oral doses start at 4 mg, which can be repeated at 6- to 8-hour intervals to a total daily dose not exceeding 36 mg. Experience with repeated, single, daytime doses greater than 12 mg or total daily doses greater than 36 mg is very limited. Common side effects include dry mouth, somnolence, asthenia, dizziness, and increased spasm or tone.

TNS	Transkutan NerveStimulans (en form for ES) Metode for elektrisk å stimulere muskelbevegelser i lammede muskler. TNS er idag lite brukt i slagterapi da det ikke harvist seg å ha varig langtidsvirkning. (t.r.)
Transkutan	Gjennom huden (dvs. elektriske impulser sendes via elektroder plassert på hudoverflaten.)
TMS	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.En helt ny metode som har vist at det i en viss grad går an å stimulere og kontrollere nevroplastisitetsprosessene.
trunkus	Øvre bryst- og ryggdelen av kroppen
U
underekstremitetene:	bena
utfall	tapte motoriske eller sensoriske funksjoner p.g.a. forstyrrelser i hjernen
V
vaskulær	med utgangspunkt i blodårene
W
WHO	Verdens helseorganisasjon(who?) World Health Organization
X

Y

Z
Zanaflex	se Tizanidine (Zanaflex) over..

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